Problems in defining a speech community ( MEG 04 ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE)

The term ‘speech community is probably derived from The German ‘Sprachgemeinschaft’ and refers to a group of individuals who share, inter alia, certain linguistic features and who might be said to speak the same language (or dialect or variety).

            In other words, any groups of people who perceive themselves as belonging to one community on the basis of some shared values, customs, manners, etc. may qualify to be called a speech community if they also share a common language and see themselves as being different from speakers of other languages. 

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Problems in defining a speech community

MEG - 04: Aspects of Language

ASSIGNMENT 2015- 2016

 Max. Marks: 100

i)             Problems in defining a speech community

                  The term ‘speech community is probably derived from The German ‘Sprachgemeinschaft’ and refers to a group of individuals who share, inter alia, certain linguistic features and who might be said to speak the same language (or dialect or variety).

            In other words, any groups of people who perceive themselves as belonging to one community on the basis of some shared values, customs, manners, etc. may qualify to be called a speech community if they also share a common language and see themselves as being different from speakers of other languages. 

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Growth of English in India

MEG - 04: Aspects of Language

 ASSIGNMENT 2015- 2016

 Max. Marks: 100

Discuss the growth of English in India. Describe some of the features which separate Indian English from other varieties of English

By the year 1600, England had established trading contacts with three continents- America, Africa, and Asia. The growth of English in South Asia and especially in India can directly correlated with the growth of imperial rule in India.

It is customary to trace the roots of English on the Indian subcontinent to 31 December, 1600, when Queen Elizabeth 1 granted a Charter to a few merchant of the city of London giving them a monopoly of trade with in India and the East. It must be noted in this early phase of arrival that the British, first and foremost, were committed to the expansion of trade rather than territory, which meant that the language of administration that required speakers and comprehends, was still not involved. The language of trade essentially meant the influx of certain Indian words into the English vocabulary and vice-versa for effective communication between tow trading communities. The language however, found a different outlet to speared itself-missionary work and proselytization.

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What is language planning? Why do we require it? Discuss the various types of language planning

MEG - 04: Aspects of Language

 ASSIGNMENT 2015- 2016

 Max. Marks: 100

“Language planning is deliberate language change; that is; changes in the systems of language code or speaking or both that are planned by organizations that are established for such purposes or given a mandate to fulfill such purposes. As such, language planning is focused on problem-solving and is characterized by the formulation and evaluation of alternatives for solving language problems to find the best (or optimal, most efficient) decisions” __Rubin and Jernudd

When we talk about the requirement of language planning, we are talking about the goals of language planning as follows

Between 1984 and 1990, there has been a remarkable increase in the list of goals that language planning activities are expected to carry out

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Inflectional morphology

MEG - 04: Aspects of Language

 ASSIGNMENT 2015- 2016

 Max. Marks: 100

What is the inflectional morphology and how does it differ from derivational morphology. Give examples

The inflection morphology of a language is usually discussed in terms of paradigm. A paradigm refers to a set of form derived by the application of certain grammatical rules to a lexical, or, in the case of pronouns and auxiliaries, to a function word. This English verb has a paradigm (‘the verb paradigm’) which consists of the grammatical words derived by the application of those grammar rules which are pertinent to the English verb. For example, the paradigm of the verb ‘break’ contains the forms break, breaks, breaking, broke, broken. Each of these forms is derived by the application of separate grammar rules like present tense formation, past tense formation, past participle formation, etc.

Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphology

John Lyons ( 1968) tells us that grammars written in the classical tradition of Greek and Latin were generally divided into three section :

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General methodological principles of Saussure

MEG - 04: Aspects of Language

ASSIGNMENT 2015- 2016

 Max. Marks: 100

Discuss the general methodological principles of Saussure. Give examples to Illustrate your answer

The foundational principles of structural functional linguistics were based on the lectures notes of the great Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, published posthumously as Cours de Linguistique Generale. These principles entered into structuralist model of linguistics and provided a turning point in the history of linguistics.  The following are the general methodological principles of Saussure.

            Langue and Parole (language structure vs speaking in a language)

While making distinctions between the linguistic system and its actual manifestation, we arrive at the crucial opposition between langue and parole. Langue is the system or structure of a language whereas parole is the activity of speaking in a language or actual speech. According to Saussure, within the whole field of linguistic activity (language), we should distinguish between the language system (langue) and speaking or writing the language (parole). The three way distinction may be understood as following:

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Stream of Consciousness

MEG - 03: BRITISH NOVEL

ASSIGNMENT 2015- 2016

 Max. Marks: 100

What do you understand by the term ‘Stream of Consciousness’, explain with reference to A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

        In literature, stream of consciousness is a method of narration that describes in words the flow of thoughts in the minds of the characters. The term was initially coined by a psychologist William James in his research “The Principles of Psychology”.             
          This method is in evidence at many places in A Portrait, more so in the opening and the closing pages of the novel. The emphasis in the ‘stream of consciousness’ method is on the psychic being of the characters and the associative mode is kept in the forefront of Stephen’s consciousness. This is at the heart of the novel as it is both its subject matter and its major structuring mechanism. 

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Jameson’s criticism of Conard’s politics

MEG - 03: BRITISH NOVEL

ASSIGNMENT 2015- 2016

 Max. Marks: 100

How is Jameson’s criticism of Conard’s politics relevant to Heart of Darkness?

          Fredric Jameson is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist. He is best known for his analysis of contemporary cultural trends. He once described postmodernism as the spatialization of culture under the pressure of organized capitalism.

In The Political Unconscious, Fredric Jameson argues that Conard’s stories (Lord Jim is main example) betray symptomatic split between a modernist ‘will to style’, leading to an elaborate but essentially hollow “impressionism”. Heart of Darkness too betrays the same split but this split between a modernist ‘will to style’ and ‘impressionism’ corresponds to the contradictions of an anti-imperialist novel which is also racist.

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Marxist reading of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice

MEG - 03: BRITISH NOVEL

ASSIGNMENT 2015- 2016

 Max. Marks: 100

Attempt a Marxist reading of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice.

 While attempting a Marxist reading of the novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’, it analyses the ideologies inherent in the portrayal of different social classes, and of the nature of social change, in the text, also taking into account the condition of production of the text.

                     
                    Marxist criticism focuses on the material conditions in and around the text, which would include the condition of its production, and the issues of class and labour both as they appear in the text and in its production. Marx sees social being as determining consciousness, and economic conditions as underlying social ones.

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Development of modern English fiction with specific reference to the major Shifts in literary perspective during the nineteenth century.

MEG - 03: BRITISH NOVEL

ASSIGNMENT 2015- 2016

 Max. Marks: 100

INTRODUCTION

The supernatural is a traditional element in literature. Since the epic of Beowulf, there has been a continuing presence of the unearthly and weird in poetry, drama, and fiction. The Supernatural in Modern English Fiction, first published in 1917 during a period of renewed social and literary interest in the occult and spiritualism, offers readers an overview of some of the greatest known, as well as some forgotten yet eerily important, works of English literature. From the precursor of supernaturalism, the Gothic novel with its gloomy castles and cloisters, to the ghosts and madness and horrors written in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, this volume is a guide to a grotesquerie of tales. With chapters like The Devil and His Allies, The Supernatural in Folk-Tales, and Supernatural Science, the unearthly and the bizarre are met inside these pages in all their myriad guises. This is a book that will appeal to aficionados of fantastic and horror literature, offering new insight into the history of so many grand and delightfully macabre stories.

CONCEPT

Old English literature: 450-1153:- The first works in English, written in Old English, appeared in the early Middle Ages, the oldest surviving text being the Hymn of Cædmon. Oral tradition was very strong in early English culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were thus very popular, and many, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day in the rich corpus of Anglo-Saxon literature that closely resemble today's Icelandic, Norwegian, North Frisian and the Northumbrian and Scots English dialects of modern English.

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Period or a literary group in British poetry or a British poet or a British poem in about 3000 words

MEG-01: BRITISH POETRY

ASSIGNMENT

Max. Marks: 100

Programme: MEG

Assignment code: MEG-01 /TMA/2015-16

 

To sum up, write an essay on a period or a literary group in British poetry or a British poet or a British poem in about 3000 words on the model provided in 36.5 (in unit 36). The full marks for the essay is 100.

Answer:


The history of English poetry stretches from the middle of the 7th century to the present day. Over this period, English poets have written some of the most enduring poems in Western culture, and the language and its poetry have spread around the globe. Consequently, the term English poetry is unavoidably ambiguous. It can mean poetry written in England, or poetry written in the English language.

       
                       The earliest surviving poetry was likely transmitted orally and then written down in versions that do not now survive; thus, dating the earliest poetry remains difficult and often controversial. The earliest surviving manuscripts date from the 10th century. Poetry written in Latin, Brythonic (a predecessor language of Welsh) and Old Irish survives which may date as early as the 6th century. The earliest surviving poetry written in Anglo-Saxon, the most direct predecessor of modern English, may have been composed as early as the 7th century.

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Arthur Miller’s idea of dramatic form with particular reference to Death of a Salesman

MEG-06
AMERICAN LITERATURE
ASSIGNMENT 2015-2016

3. Discuss Arthur Miller’s idea of dramatic form with particular reference to Death of a Salesman.

         

Death of a Salesman is Millers’ attempt at evolving a dramatic structure that does not exist independently but resides in the very dramatic experiences which the play presents.

There was a rich and varied history of dramatic experimentation for Arthur Miller o look back to when he wrote Death of a Salesman. For miller, death of a sales man is not only a matter of tragic socio-economic experience, but a dramatic experience that transforms the manifold human life into a highly perceptive and enlightening structure.

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literary style of the puritans

MEG-06
AMERICAN LITERATURE
ASSIGNMENT 2015-2016 

2. Discuss the literary style of the puritans.

Puritanism began as an agitation within the Church of England in the latter half of the sixteenth century. It was a movement for reform of that institution. It was the belief that the reform should be continued, that more abuses remained to be corrected, that practices still survived from the days of Papacy which should be renounced, that the church of England should restored to the “purity” of the first century church as established by Christ himself .

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Theme of A Clean Well – Lighted Place and the techniques Hemingway employs to project this theme

 MEG-06
AMERICAN LITERATURE
ASSIGNMENT 2015-2016

4. Examine the theme of A Clean Well – Lighted Place and the techniques Hemingway employs to project this theme.

         

         Hemingway’s short story A Clean Well – Lighted Place is rather a pilotless story in which nothing much happens.

                     In the late hours of night, at a clean well-lighted café, two waiters one young and the old, while attending upon their lone last customer, an old man of eighty, intermittently talk about his recently attempted suicide: and when..................

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Influence of transcendentalism on Walt Whitman’s poems.

 MEG-06
AMERICAN LITERATURE
ASSIGNMENT 2015-2016

1.       Discuss the influence of transcendentalism on Walt Whitman’s poems.

 
       Walt Whitman carried the vision of the entire globe being united into a compact whole transcending the barriers of geography, history and culture before globalization could become a reality, Whitman could see the glimpses of a unified world emerging in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. He is an optimist and a Transcendentalist. He believes that..........

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Patrick White’s technique of characterization with special reference to the characters of Arthur and Waldo

NEW LITERATURES IN ENGLISH

ASSIGNMENT FOR MEG –08

July 2015 - January 2016 session

Programme: MEG

Assignment Code: MEG-08/TMA/2015-16

Max Marks : 100

9. Discuss Patrick White’s technique of characterization with special reference to the characters of Arthur and Waldo.

Answer:

Patrick White’s technique of characterization is outstanding in terms of understanding the way character functions in White’s novels.

 

            The observations we can come up with by reading the novel is that, character is “given”, it is fixed right from the beginning. There isn’t a change in character itself, but change in understanding. The protagonist discovers by painful experience something about the nature and extent of his particular resources. But the character of the protagonist does not in itself change. For example, Arthur and Waldo..............  

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