General methodological principles of Saussure

MEG - 04: Aspects of Language

ASSIGNMENT 2015- 2016

 Max. Marks: 100

Discuss the general methodological principles of Saussure. Give examples to Illustrate your answer

The foundational principles of structural functional linguistics were based on the lectures notes of the great Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, published posthumously as Cours de Linguistique Generale. These principles entered into structuralist model of linguistics and provided a turning point in the history of linguistics.  The following are the general methodological principles of Saussure.

            Langue and Parole (language structure vs speaking in a language)

While making distinctions between the linguistic system and its actual manifestation, we arrive at the crucial opposition between langue and parole. Langue is the system or structure of a language whereas parole is the activity of speaking in a language or actual speech. According to Saussure, within the whole field of linguistic activity (language), we should distinguish between the language system (langue) and speaking or writing the language (parole). The three way distinction may be understood as following:

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Stream of Consciousness

MEG - 03: BRITISH NOVEL

ASSIGNMENT 2015- 2016

 Max. Marks: 100

What do you understand by the term ‘Stream of Consciousness’, explain with reference to A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

        In literature, stream of consciousness is a method of narration that describes in words the flow of thoughts in the minds of the characters. The term was initially coined by a psychologist William James in his research “The Principles of Psychology”.             
          This method is in evidence at many places in A Portrait, more so in the opening and the closing pages of the novel. The emphasis in the ‘stream of consciousness’ method is on the psychic being of the characters and the associative mode is kept in the forefront of Stephen’s consciousness. This is at the heart of the novel as it is both its subject matter and its major structuring mechanism. 

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Jameson’s criticism of Conard’s politics

MEG - 03: BRITISH NOVEL

ASSIGNMENT 2015- 2016

 Max. Marks: 100

How is Jameson’s criticism of Conard’s politics relevant to Heart of Darkness?

          Fredric Jameson is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist. He is best known for his analysis of contemporary cultural trends. He once described postmodernism as the spatialization of culture under the pressure of organized capitalism.

In The Political Unconscious, Fredric Jameson argues that Conard’s stories (Lord Jim is main example) betray symptomatic split between a modernist ‘will to style’, leading to an elaborate but essentially hollow “impressionism”. Heart of Darkness too betrays the same split but this split between a modernist ‘will to style’ and ‘impressionism’ corresponds to the contradictions of an anti-imperialist novel which is also racist.

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Marxist reading of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice

MEG - 03: BRITISH NOVEL

ASSIGNMENT 2015- 2016

 Max. Marks: 100

Attempt a Marxist reading of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice.

 While attempting a Marxist reading of the novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’, it analyses the ideologies inherent in the portrayal of different social classes, and of the nature of social change, in the text, also taking into account the condition of production of the text.

                     
                    Marxist criticism focuses on the material conditions in and around the text, which would include the condition of its production, and the issues of class and labour both as they appear in the text and in its production. Marx sees social being as determining consciousness, and economic conditions as underlying social ones.

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Development of modern English fiction with specific reference to the major Shifts in literary perspective during the nineteenth century.

MEG - 03: BRITISH NOVEL

ASSIGNMENT 2015- 2016

 Max. Marks: 100

INTRODUCTION

The supernatural is a traditional element in literature. Since the epic of Beowulf, there has been a continuing presence of the unearthly and weird in poetry, drama, and fiction. The Supernatural in Modern English Fiction, first published in 1917 during a period of renewed social and literary interest in the occult and spiritualism, offers readers an overview of some of the greatest known, as well as some forgotten yet eerily important, works of English literature. From the precursor of supernaturalism, the Gothic novel with its gloomy castles and cloisters, to the ghosts and madness and horrors written in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, this volume is a guide to a grotesquerie of tales. With chapters like The Devil and His Allies, The Supernatural in Folk-Tales, and Supernatural Science, the unearthly and the bizarre are met inside these pages in all their myriad guises. This is a book that will appeal to aficionados of fantastic and horror literature, offering new insight into the history of so many grand and delightfully macabre stories.

CONCEPT

Old English literature: 450-1153:- The first works in English, written in Old English, appeared in the early Middle Ages, the oldest surviving text being the Hymn of Cædmon. Oral tradition was very strong in early English culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were thus very popular, and many, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day in the rich corpus of Anglo-Saxon literature that closely resemble today's Icelandic, Norwegian, North Frisian and the Northumbrian and Scots English dialects of modern English.

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Period or a literary group in British poetry or a British poet or a British poem in about 3000 words

MEG-01: BRITISH POETRY

ASSIGNMENT

Max. Marks: 100

Programme: MEG

Assignment code: MEG-01 /TMA/2015-16

 

To sum up, write an essay on a period or a literary group in British poetry or a British poet or a British poem in about 3000 words on the model provided in 36.5 (in unit 36). The full marks for the essay is 100.

Answer:


The history of English poetry stretches from the middle of the 7th century to the present day. Over this period, English poets have written some of the most enduring poems in Western culture, and the language and its poetry have spread around the globe. Consequently, the term English poetry is unavoidably ambiguous. It can mean poetry written in England, or poetry written in the English language.

       
                       The earliest surviving poetry was likely transmitted orally and then written down in versions that do not now survive; thus, dating the earliest poetry remains difficult and often controversial. The earliest surviving manuscripts date from the 10th century. Poetry written in Latin, Brythonic (a predecessor language of Welsh) and Old Irish survives which may date as early as the 6th century. The earliest surviving poetry written in Anglo-Saxon, the most direct predecessor of modern English, may have been composed as early as the 7th century.

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Arthur Miller’s idea of dramatic form with particular reference to Death of a Salesman

MEG-06
AMERICAN LITERATURE
ASSIGNMENT 2015-2016

3. Discuss Arthur Miller’s idea of dramatic form with particular reference to Death of a Salesman.

         

Death of a Salesman is Millers’ attempt at evolving a dramatic structure that does not exist independently but resides in the very dramatic experiences which the play presents.

There was a rich and varied history of dramatic experimentation for Arthur Miller o look back to when he wrote Death of a Salesman. For miller, death of a sales man is not only a matter of tragic socio-economic experience, but a dramatic experience that transforms the manifold human life into a highly perceptive and enlightening structure.

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literary style of the puritans

MEG-06
AMERICAN LITERATURE
ASSIGNMENT 2015-2016 

2. Discuss the literary style of the puritans.

Puritanism began as an agitation within the Church of England in the latter half of the sixteenth century. It was a movement for reform of that institution. It was the belief that the reform should be continued, that more abuses remained to be corrected, that practices still survived from the days of Papacy which should be renounced, that the church of England should restored to the “purity” of the first century church as established by Christ himself .

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Theme of A Clean Well – Lighted Place and the techniques Hemingway employs to project this theme

 MEG-06
AMERICAN LITERATURE
ASSIGNMENT 2015-2016

4. Examine the theme of A Clean Well – Lighted Place and the techniques Hemingway employs to project this theme.

         

         Hemingway’s short story A Clean Well – Lighted Place is rather a pilotless story in which nothing much happens.

                     In the late hours of night, at a clean well-lighted café, two waiters one young and the old, while attending upon their lone last customer, an old man of eighty, intermittently talk about his recently attempted suicide: and when..................

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Influence of transcendentalism on Walt Whitman’s poems.

 MEG-06
AMERICAN LITERATURE
ASSIGNMENT 2015-2016

1.       Discuss the influence of transcendentalism on Walt Whitman’s poems.

 
       Walt Whitman carried the vision of the entire globe being united into a compact whole transcending the barriers of geography, history and culture before globalization could become a reality, Whitman could see the glimpses of a unified world emerging in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. He is an optimist and a Transcendentalist. He believes that..........

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Patrick White’s technique of characterization with special reference to the characters of Arthur and Waldo

NEW LITERATURES IN ENGLISH

ASSIGNMENT FOR MEG –08

July 2015 - January 2016 session

Programme: MEG

Assignment Code: MEG-08/TMA/2015-16

Max Marks : 100

9. Discuss Patrick White’s technique of characterization with special reference to the characters of Arthur and Waldo.

Answer:

Patrick White’s technique of characterization is outstanding in terms of understanding the way character functions in White’s novels.

 

            The observations we can come up with by reading the novel is that, character is “given”, it is fixed right from the beginning. There isn’t a change in character itself, but change in understanding. The protagonist discovers by painful experience something about the nature and extent of his particular resources. But the character of the protagonist does not in itself change. For example, Arthur and Waldo..............  

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Origins of the use of creole English in Caribbean poetry

NEW LITERATURES IN ENGLISH

ASSIGNMENT FOR MEG –08

July 2015 - January 2016 session

Programme: MEG

Assignment Code: MEG-08/TMA/2015-16

Max Marks : 100

7. Discuss the origins of the use of creole English in Caribbean poetry.

Answer:

           
     It all started with the colonization in the Caribbean. Slaves were discouraged from using their native languages. They were separated from other slaves of the same linguistic background because their masters feared that communication between them might lead to plans of escape or rebellion

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Brathwaite’s “Wings of a Dove” for Rastafarian elements

NEW LITERATURES IN ENGLISH

ASSIGNMENT FOR MEG –08

July 2015 - January 2016 session

Programme: MEG

Assignment Code: MEG-08/TMA/2015-16

Max Marks : 100

8. Analyse Brathwaite’s “Wings of a Dove” for Rastafarian elements.

Answer:

The word “Rastafarianism” often calls to mind the stereotypical images of dreadlocks (long braids or natural locks of hair), ganja (marijuana), the streets of Kingston, Jamaica, and the reggae rhythms of Bob Marley. Rastafarians have no universally acknowledged leaders, no universally agreed-upon defining principles. It is a black consciousness movement—Afro-Caribbean—and there is a split between the religion and its accompanying social consciousness, so people can appreciate what Rastas are trying to do socially while not embracing the religion.

Rastafarianism is explained as a.....................

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A House for Mr. Biswas as a diasporic novel

NEW LITERATURES IN ENGLISH

ASSIGNMENT FOR MEG –08

July 2015 - January 2016 session

Programme: MEG

Assignment Code: MEG-08/TMA/2015-16

Max Marks : 100

6. Discuss A House for Mr. Biswas as a diasporic novel.

Answer:

The novel A House for Mr. Biswas by Naipaul is a Caribbean novel which has many aspects and the diasporic approach is one of them.

           
              Though Naipaul never uses the word ‘diaspora’ it is clear from his novel that the diasporic experience-that of displacement and migrancy along with a yearning for an imagined homeland which they cannot go back to give his writing “..the rawness of nerves, the neurosis that gives his prose the special quality of panic.


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Ice Candy Man as a novel which portrays the Parsi identity

NEW LITERATURES IN ENGLISH

ASSIGNMENT FOR MEG –08

July 2015 - January 2016 session

Programme: MEG

Assignment Code: MEG-08/TMA/2015-16

5. Discuss Ice Candy Man as a novel which portrays the Parsi identity.

Answer:

A striking manifestation of the identity crisis of Parsis is evident in Bapsi Sidwa’s first published novel The crow Eaters and also in the novel Ice Candy Man. To discuss this it’s important to know a little bit of their history and background.

           
     Surat, Gujrat, was the most important seaport on the west coast of India and a major trade center for both the Mugal and European trading companies............ 


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Characters playing double roles in A Dance of the Forests

NEW LITERATURES IN ENGLISH

ASSIGNMENT FOR MEG –08

July 2015 - January 2016 session

Programme: MEG

Assignment Code: MEG-08/TMA/2015-16

Max Marks : 100

4. In A Dance of the Forests why does Soyinka have characters playing double roles? Give examples from the text to substantiate your answer.

In A Dance of the Forest Soyinka portrays character playing doubles roles more like a play – within- a play. This takes the action back many centuries to the court of Mata Kharibu.

. 

The play within a play is Soyinka’s way of presenting the fact that old sins cast long shadows. He seems to be saying that........

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Stages through which the African novel in English passed and the major themes it embraced at various points of time,with special reference to Ngugi Wa Thiong’o

NEW LITERATURES IN ENGLISH

ASSIGNMENT FOR MEG –08

July 2015 - January 2016 session

Programme: MEG

Assignment Code: MEG-08/TMA/2015-16

Max Marks : 100

3. Discuss the various stages through which the African novel in English passed and the major themes it embraced at various points of time,with special reference to Ngugi Wa Thiong’o.

Answer:

As man first appeared in the African continent, the credit for being the first fiction-artist must also go to an African, since the art of story –telling is as old as man. They had sat around in the evenings after the day’s work sharing the stories or hunting and fruit gathering. The oral tradition is the next thing as it is the only mode of narration was introduced into the cultural soil of Africa.

        It was missionaries from different parts of Europe who................

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