Various borrowings in English language

 MEG – 04: ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

2. Languages enrich and evolve through borrowings. Discuss the various borrowings in English language by giving examples.

Ans. The abstract noun borrowing refers to the process of speakers adopting words from a source language into their native language. "Loan" and "borrowing" are of course metaphors, because there is no literal lending process. Borrowing is a consequence a- tulip tigel/h Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two language communities. Borrowing of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, but often there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to the other..For Example, the Germanic tribes in the first few centuries A.D. adopted numerous loanwords from Latin as they adopted new products via trade with the Romans. Few Germanic words, on the other hand, passed into Latin. English borroWed it Vocabulary-from various different languages. Let us have a look at the brief description of different languages which helped English to build up its modern vocabulary base.

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Generative grammar

 MEG – 04: ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

Generative grammar

Ans. The generative approach towards the description of language was introduced in 1957 with the publication of Noam Chomsky's Syntactic Structure. Generative approaches include meaning in the study of language, and look for patterned relationships between "deep" structures of meaning and "surface" structures of linguistic forms actually used by the speaker.

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Code mixing vs code switching

 MEG – 04: ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

Code mixing vs code switching

Ans. Mixing Codes

Code-mixing simply refers to the mixing of two or more languages or language varieties in a speech. Some scholars use the term *code-mixing especially in the study of syntax, morphology, and other formal aspects of languages. Others assume more specific definitions of code-mixing but the definitions may be different in the subfields of linguistics, education theory, communication, etc

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Types of Negation and its interaction with Scope

  

MEG – 04: ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

ii Types of Negation and its interaction with Scope

Ans. Negation as a Logical Operator: In English negation has its impact on the structure and the complete meaning of the sentence simultaneously. Words used as negation are: no, not and n't: indefinite pronouns like nothing and nobody; adverbs like nowhere and never; adjective no as in 'no one', , 'no money', etc.; conjunction like neither and nor.

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The differences between the major characters in The prime of Miss Jean Brodie.

 MEG – 03: BRITISH NOVEL

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

5. Bring out the differences between the major characters in The prime of Miss Jean Brodie.

 

Ans. Spark's characters are interiorised. This means that they are involved in a search for the self that accommodates both personal fulfilment and political or social claims. Personal obsessions guide those characters. They turn their lives into channels of self-righteous imagination and bring about their destruction. Miss Brodie is one of the characters who is an eccentric spinster and school teacher. 

She has fine judgement of character and specializes in organising the lives of the Brodie set. She dislikes team spirit which contravenes individual freedom. She thinks hereself that she can seek the beginning and end of the proteges. She resists all questions which question her unorthodox methods . Her pupils also carry this impression. They are unquestioning and uncritical, absorbing all that she says. These characters take a hostile stand against those who intrude in the classroom and appear to change the ways of Miss Brodie.

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What role do Aziz, Fielding and Godbole play in A Passage to India?

   MEG – 03: BRITISH NOVEL

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

4. What role do Aziz, Fielding and Godbole play in A Passage to India?

 

Ans. Alam Friedman describes the theme of personal relations in Forster's novel as a 'Marriage of True Minds' (the phrase is borrowed from Shakespeare's famous poem). He says, " A marriage of true minds is held out like a promise always a little out of each. The obstacles of circumstances, the trials of good faith, the emotional separation which threaten to destroy a final consummation the growing crucialness to the novel's moral resolution of whether they will or will not be united at the end all this and much more makes of their friendship the structural and ritual equivalent to the marriage of hero and heroine in the traditional novel. At first the marriage of Adela Quested and Ronny Haslop, which Mrs Moore has come to India to aid and abet, seems to play the usual structural role, which the issue of marriage regularly plays in organising events and meanings.

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Do you think the title of Dickens’ Great Expectations is appropriate?

   MEG – 03: BRITISH NOVEL

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

3. Do you think the title of Dickens’ Great Expectations is appropriate? Give reasons for your answer.

 

Ans. It is because it is a novel about the maturation both physically and psychologically of the main character Pip. Great Expectations was written by Charles Dickens, one of Victorian England's most acclaimed and popular novelists. He wrote this novel comparatively late in life, just after A Tale of Two Cities. In Great Expectations, we see Dickens at his most experimental. The novel was serialized- published in installments in a magazine-from 1860- 61, when the Victorian era was at its height and the rapid social change was accompanied by anxiety. Dickens used his platform as a popular author to educate his audience about social issues.

 

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The use of wit and irony in the novel Pride and Prejudice.

  MEG – 03: BRITISH NOVEL

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

2. Comment on the use of wit and irony in the novel Pride and Prejudice. 

 

Ans. Jane Austen is basically a humorist. She finds zest in this world through laughter.

Her laughter arises out of human folly which is so common in our life e.gDarcy says,

"the wisest and the best of men-nay, the wisest and best of their actions may be rendered ridiculous

by a person whose first object is a joke." In reply Elizabeth says, "follies and nonsense whims

and inconsistencies, do divert me. I laughed at them whenever I can."

We know that Elizabeth is the mouthpiece of Jane Austen in all her novels.

Pride and Prejudice makes us laugh the most. It's full of the atmosphere of sunshine and hilarity.

 

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The significance of the Man of the Hill episode in the novel Tom Jones.

                                               MEG – 03: BRITISH NOVEL

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

1. Comment on the significance of the Man of the Hill episode in the novel Tom Jones.

Ans. Opinions greatly differ in the matter ofFielding's plot construction in Tom Jones. According to one view, Tom Jones is all plot. In other words, it means that Fielding has given much attention to plot construction in Tom Jones. According to the other view, Tom Jones, being a Picaresque novel, is full of incidents, but it has not been executed according to a well-thought out plan. The second view seems to be irrelevant in spite of the fact that there are a good number of digressions in the novel, the glaring example being the story of the Man of the Hill. Moreover, the author's own too frequent views concerning various literary and artistic theories and addresses to the reader, even if they have their own value, reflect on the cohesion of the plot.

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Murder in the Cathedral as a poetic drama.

 MEG – 02: BRITISH DRAMA

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

7. Discuss Murder in the Cathedral as a poetic drama. 

Ans. Since Eliot began his career as a writer during the second decade of this century, there has been just a single shift in his mental focus and his turn over to the Poetic Stage is connected with this positional displacement. This focal shift in his approach does not involve any fundamental twist in his outlook. The original stand he took was one of repulsion to the bourgeois liberalism civilisation with its stress on realism, skepticism- 'the dry-rock, waste-land symbolism' and from this he was logically led on to the subsequent position, that of deep respect for tradition and an understanding of faith in theology and ecclesiastical authority.

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Eliza in Pygmalion as feminist.

  MEG – 02: BRITISH DRAMA

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

5. Can Eliza in Pygmalion be termed as feminist? Elaborate.

Ans.

The relationship between men and women and how they interact, is often the basis of many novels and plays. Struggle and conflict between them is very evident, yet the meaning and reason for the conflict are sometimes deeper than what is on the outside.

Bernard Shaw uses the play Pygmalion to also comment upon the conflict which exists between the sexes. This conflict is most clearly brought out through the relationship between Eliza and Henry Higgins. Higgins is a polished teacher of phonetics and is introduced as a person who is of the energetic, scientific type, heartily, even violently interested in everything that can be studied as a scientific subject and careless about himself and other people, including their feelings. 

These traits of character are bound to lead to conflict with Eliza Doolittle, a common flower girl who, by a contrivance of plot, brings her to learn to speak like a lady in a flower shop from Henry Higgins. Eliza has ambition and dignity and resents being bullied by Higgins, a social superior.

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The Alchemist as a satire.

 MEG – 02: BRITISH DRAMA

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

4. Can The Alchemist be understood as a satire? Give suitable examples.

Ans.

Ans. Comedy holds the mirror up to nature and reflects things as they are, to the point that society may recognize the extent of its shortcomings and the folly of its ways and set about its improvement. Jonson's greatest plays- Vol,one (1606), Epicoene (1609), The A/chemist (1 610), Bartholomew Falr(1614)--offer a richly detailed contemporary account of the follies and vices that are always with us. The setting (apart from Volpone) is Jonson's own London, and the characters are the ingenious or the devious or the grotesque products of the hunan wish to get ahead in the world. 

The conduct of a Jonsonian comic plot is in the hands of a clever manipulator who is out to make reality conform to his own desires. Sometimes he succeeds, as in the case of the clever young gentleman who gains his uncle's inheritance in Epicoene or the one who gains the rich Puritan widow for his wife in Bartholomew Fair. In Volpone and The A/chemist, the schemes eventually fail, but this is the fault of the manipulators, who will never stop when they are ahead, and not at all due to any insight on the part of the victims. The victims are almost embarrassingly eager to be victimized. Each has his ruling passion, his humour-and it serves to set him more or less mechanically in the path that he will undeviatingly pursue, to his own discomfiture.

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To what extent does Hamlet correspond to classical or medieval notions of tragedy?

MEG – 02: BRITISH DRAMA

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

3. To what extent does Hamlet correspond to classical or medieval notions of tragedy? 

Ans. Hamlet as a Tragedy: Shakespeare's play Hamlet is a very dramatic play, involving many conniving people, murder,and an overall atmosphere of suspense. It is therefore referred to as a tragedy. There are many aspects in Hamlet that make it one of Shakespeare's best tragedies. There are numerous murders including the untimely death of the innocent and pure Ophelia,and the murder of two loving fathers: King Hamlet and Polonius. 

There are also numerous revenge plots including those of Laertes, Hamletand Fortinbras. As the play progresses, hatred becomes evident between many characters of the play. After a deeper study of the play however, it becomes evident that two characters are more responsible for it being a tragedy, Hamletand Claudius. Hence, Hamlet rises above the revenge play and answers to subtler demands of a great tragedy. In the end Hamlet turns out to be a great tragedy rather than a mere revenge play.

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The play within the play in A Midsummer Night’s Dream.

                                               MEG – 02: BRITISH DRAMA

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

2. Discuss the play within the play in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. 

 

Ans. The Play-within-the Play: This play within a play is therefore used by Shakespeare to make

a subtle point about theatre, namely the fact that it is only acting. The Mechanicals like to perform a play at Theseus' wedding. Theseus is an enlightened ruler, notable for his wise judgement but there is a limit to his abilities: the problem Egeus gives him seems incapable of solution, so he tries to buy time and work on Egeus and Demetrius. But there seems little hope that the "harsh Athenian law"

will produce a solution acceptable to all parties. 

In this play the apparently anarchic tendencies of the young lovers, of the mechanicals-as-actors, and of Puck are restrained by the "Sharp Athenian Law" and the law of the Palace Wood, by Theseus and Oberon, and their respective consorts. This tension within the world of the play is matched in its construction: in performance it can at times seem riotous and out of control, and yet the structure of the play shows a clear interest in symmetry and patterning.

exploring tensions between art and ordinary life and demonstrating how, through an imaginative alchemy, the raw materials of life can be formed into something enduring. In "Sailing to Byzantium," the speaker transforms himself into a work of art, and, in so doing, obscures the distinction between form and content and the artist and his work. "Sailing to Byzantium" is widely admired for its inventive, evocative imagery and masterfully interwoven phrases. Literary critic Frank Kermode calls the poem "a marvellously contrived emblem of what Yeats took the work of art to be.

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The opposition of art and life and youth and old age in 'Sailing to Byzantium'.

 MEG – 01: BRITISH POETRY

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

4. Comment on the opposition of art and life and youth and old age in 'Sailing to Byzantium'.

 

Ans. "Sailing to Byzantium, " first published in 1928 as part ofYeats's collection, The Tower, contains

only four stanzas and yet is considered to be one of the most effective expressions of Yeats's arcane poetic "system," exploring tensions between art and ordinary life and demonstrating how, through an imaginative alchemy, the raw materials of life can be formed into something enduring. In "Sailing to Byzantium," the speaker transforms himself into a work of art, and, in so doing, obscures the distinction between form and content and the artist and his work. "Sailing to Byzantium" is widely admired for its inventive, evocative imagery and masterfully interwoven phrases. Literary critic Frank Kermode calls the poem "a marvellously contrived emblem of what Yeats took the work of art to be.

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The themes of death and suicide in the poetry of Sylvia Plath.

  MEG – 01: BRITISH POETRY

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

5. Comment on the themes of death and suicide in the poetry of Sylvia Plath.

 

Ans. One thing which has been noticed about the confessional poets is that when these poets go on to speak about their personal failures and breakdowns they go more into sorrow and despair. And this feeling often gets extended to the sense of self-destruction. This makes the theme of suicide and death central to their poems. Many confessional poets, including Sylvia Plath were suicidal in their real life. In her poems like Lady Lazarus she goes on to expresses her suicidal tendency beyond any limitations.

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Herbert as a religious poet.

  MEG – 01: BRITISH POETRY

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

3. Consider Herbert as a religious poet.

Ans. Herbert's Distinguishing Traits

Certain features can be noted in Herbert's poetry which distinguishes his poetry from the other poets of his time.

His poems are simple and lucid which suggests of an excellent technical skill. Herbert was able to manipulate his

verses in order to reflect thematic patterns, a skill which can also be seen in Milton. His choice of words which appears to be simple, expand outwards in accordance with the given context of the poem. For example, let us consider his poem The Pulley. This poem talks about God bestowing al I the gifts to man except one. And that would be peace so that it acts like a pulley to draw man back to the divine grace.

 

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A critical note on Chancer's art of portraiture in The General Prologue.

 MEG – 01: BRITISH POETRY

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

2. Write a critical note on Chancer's art of portraiture in The General Prologue.

Ans. The Portraits: It is the General Prologue that serves to establish firmly the framework for the entire

story-collection: the pilgrimage that risks being turned into a tale-telling competition. The title "General Prologue" is a modern invention, although a few manuscripts call it prologues. There are very few major textual differences between the various manuscripts. The structure of the General Prologue is a simple one. After an elaborate introduction in lines 1-34, the narrator begins the series of portraits (limes 35-719). These are followed by a report of the Host's suggestion of a tale-telling contest and its acceptance (lines 720-821). On the following morning the pilgrims assemble and it is decided that the Knight shall tell the first tale (lines 822-858).

 

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Weep no more, woful shepherds, weep no more, For Lycidas your sorrow is not dead, Sunk though he be beneath the watery floor. So sinks the day-star in the ocean bed, And yet anon repairs his drooping head, And tricks his beams and with new spangled ore, Flames in the forehead of the morning sky: So Lycidas sunk low, but mounted high, Through the dear might of him that walk'd the waves.

  MEG – 01: BRITISH POETRY

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

(C) Weep no more, woful shepherds, weep no more, For Lycidas your sorrow is not dead, Sunk though he be beneath the watery floor. So sinks the day-star in the ocean bed, And yet anon repairs his drooping head, And tricks his beams and with new spangled ore, Flames in the forehead of the morning sky: So Lycidas sunk low, but mounted high, Through the dear might of him that walk'd the waves.

Ans. 

Context: These lines are taken from Lycidas by John Milton.

Explanation: Milton concludes with praise for Lycidas, including the well-known phrase "Look homeward Angel." The speaker bids "woeful Shepherds weep no more," one of many phrases loaded with alliteration.

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Where was heard the mingled measure From the fountain and the caves. It was a miracle of rare device, A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice!

                                                  MEG – 01: BRITISH POETRY

ASSIGNMENT 2021 - 2022

                                                                                                               Max. Marks: 100

(a) Where was heard the mingled measure From the fountain and the caves. It was a miracle of rare device, A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice!

Answer :

Explanation: Kubla Khan heard the voices of his ancestors, predicting that war would come. The shadow of Kubla Khan's pleasure palace was reflected by the waves, and you could hear the sound of the geyser mingling with that of the water rushing through the caves. This was truly a miraculous place: Khan's pleasure palace was both sunny and had icy caves. If could recreate with in myself the sound of her instrument and her song, it would bring me so much joy that I would build Kubla Khan's pleasure palace in the sky above me: that sun-filled dome, those caves full of ice!

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